Hazrat Umar ibn al-Khattab (RA), the second Caliph of Islam and one of the closest companions of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), is a towering figure in Islamic history. Known for his strength, wisdom, justice, and deep piety, Hazrat Umar’s legacy has left an indelible mark on the political, social, and legal systems of the Muslim Ummah. His leadership was marked by unprecedented reforms, administrative brilliance, and a commitment to justice that earned him the title of “Al-Farooq” — the one who distinguishes between right and wrong.
Hazrat Umar ibn al-Khattab (RA) Early Life and Conversion to Islam
Hazrat Umar (RA) was born in 583 CE in the powerful Adi clan of the Quraish tribe in Makkah. He belonged to a respected family and was known for his intelligence, oratory skills, and physical strength. Before accepting Islam, Umar was a staunch opponent of the new religion and its followers. His conversion story is one of the most remarkable in Islamic history.
Initially, Umar was a fierce critic of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) and even set out with the intention to kill him. However, a profound moment came when he learned that his own sister and her husband had accepted Islam. On visiting their house and hearing verses of the Qur’an from Surah Taha (20:1-135), his heart softened, and he immediately asked to be taken to the Prophet (PBUH). On meeting him, Umar embraced Islam, becoming the 40th person to do so.
His conversion was a turning point for the Muslim community in Makkah. With his strong personality and influential status, Muslims were able to practice their faith more openly. He was known for declaring his Islam publicly, unlike many others who practiced it in secrecy.
Role During the Prophet’s Lifetime
After his conversion, Umar (RA) became a key supporter and defender of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). He participated in nearly all major battles including Badr, Uhud, Khandaq, and Hunayn. His counsel was often sought by the Prophet, and he was known for his wisdom and foresight.
Hazrat Umar’s strong sense of justice and moral uprightness made him one of the most trusted companions. On many occasions, his suggestions were endorsed by divine revelation, a unique honor. One such instance was when he suggested that the wives of the Prophet observe the hijab, and this recommendation was later confirmed by a Qur’anic verse (Surah Al-Ahzab, 33:53).
Caliphate of Hazrat Abu Bakr (RA)
Following the death of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), Umar played a crucial role in the selection of Abu Bakr (RA) as the first Caliph. During Abu Bakr’s caliphate, Umar served as a close advisor and helped in various military and administrative matters, including the Ridda Wars (wars against apostates).
When Abu Bakr felt his death approaching, he nominated Umar as his successor. Although there were initial concerns due to Umar’s stern nature, Abu Bakr reassured the people by affirming Umar’s deep sense of justice and fear of Allah.
Caliphate of Hazrat Umar (RA)
Hazrat Umar’s caliphate (634-644 CE) is considered a golden period in Islamic governance. His rule extended over a vast territory, including modern-day Iraq, Syria, Egypt, Iran, and parts of Central Asia. He is credited with establishing a model Islamic state rooted in justice, welfare, and accountability.
Administrative Reforms
Hazrat Umar (RA) laid the foundations of several administrative structures that are still admired today:
- Establishment of the Diwan: A register to record soldiers and allocate stipends based on their contribution to Islam.
- Judicial System: He appointed Qadis (judges) in different regions to ensure justice.
- Police and Prisons: Instituted law enforcement and correctional facilities.
- Welfare State: Introduced pensions for the elderly, orphans, and the poor.
- Land Reforms: Instead of distributing conquered lands among soldiers, he retained them for public benefit and introduced a tax system.
- Infrastructure: Developed roads, canals, and established inns and guesthouses for travelers.
Military Expansion
Under Umar’s leadership, the Islamic empire witnessed significant expansion. Major battles led by his generals resulted in the fall of two great empires: the Byzantine and the Sassanian.
- Battle of Yarmouk (636 CE): Defeated the Byzantine army in Syria.
- Battle of Qadisiyyah (636 CE) and Battle of Nahawand (642 CE): Decisive victories over the Persians.
Despite the rapid expansion, Umar was careful to maintain discipline among the troops and to ensure that conquered people were treated justly. He established a department for public complaints and ensured governors were held accountable.
Justice and Equality
Hazrat Umar (RA) is perhaps best remembered for his uncompromising commitment to justice. He often patrolled the streets of Madinah at night to gauge the condition of his people. One famous incident is when he carried sacks of flour on his back to feed a hungry woman and her children, refusing to rely on anyone else.
He held even his own family members accountable. When his son was caught drinking alcohol in Egypt, Umar had him punished publicly, reinforcing the message that no one is above the law.
He once said, “If a dog goes hungry on the banks of the Euphrates, Umar will be responsible on the Day of Judgment.”
Simplicity and Piety
Despite ruling a vast empire, Hazrat Umar (RA) led a simple life. He wore coarse clothes, lived in a modest house, and was known for his humility. His deep connection with Allah and fear of accountability made him an exemplary leader.
He often wept during prayers and was known to faint upon hearing certain verses of the Qur’an. He lived by the principle that leadership is a trust and not a privilege.
Martyrdom
Hazrat Umar (RA) was assassinated in 644 CE by a Persian slave named Abu Lu’lu’ah Feroze while leading the Fajr prayer in Masjid al-Nabawi. He was severely wounded and passed away three days later.
Before his death, he appointed a council of six companions to choose the next Caliph. He was buried beside the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) and Abu Bakr (RA) in Madinah.
Legacy
Hazrat Umar’s legacy as a just ruler, administrator, and devout Muslim continues to inspire millions. His governance model is studied and revered for its emphasis on justice, transparency, and public welfare.
Leaders across history, including non-Muslim figures, have admired his administrative acumen. The famous historian Michael H. Hart ranked him among the most influential people in history.
His life is a testament to how faith, justice, and humility can transform not only a person but an entire civilization.
References
- Al-Bukhari, Sahih al-Bukhari
- Ibn Hisham, “Sirat Rasul Allah”
- Al-Tabari, “Tarikh al-Rusul wa al-Muluk”
- Ibn Kathir, “Al-Bidaya wa al-Nihaya”
- Michael H. Hart, “The 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History”
- Ali Muhammad Sallabi, “Umar ibn al-Khattab: His Life and Times”
- Maulana Shibli Nomani, “Al-Farooq”
- William Muir, “The Caliphate: Its Rise, Decline, and Fall”
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